What graphics card? What processor? Usually, some OSS drivers do this - they set the fans to their "default" (or "max") speeds, because their are not able to control their speed interactively (according to load).
This is true: I use Linux from 2008 and I know now: some Linux distro,s seems to interferes with BIOS :After using some of these,BIOS settings may be changedC does not see USB sticks at boot(I had to install Windows to revert those changes,no use when I triyed F9--default settings)right now I have installed KaOS and I cannot enter in BIOS Settings(I know:I must install Windows to revert any BIOS changes!!!)
The only "damage" I have ever noticed from using Linux, is the extra wear and tear from using the computer longer. Maybe if it were not so stable the computer would get more rest. Many years ago I had a laptop that ran hot and the fan ran constantly at high speed but a power management update cured that in short order.