This is an old problem that exists since Windows 8 and newer, when Microsoft decided to include USB 3.0 drivers in their OS. It appears mostly on motherboards with specific Intel chipsets. The only devices that are affected by this are USB HDDs and USB Adapters (SATA-USB). Symptoms: explorer.exe freezes when plugging in the device the device disconnects itself whenever the device is stressed (copy/delete operations using large files or many small files) the device works fine but files are corrupted after copy the device is not detected by the OS at all Win-Raid drivers may or may not help you, but you'll have to learn what they are and how to use them. You'll also need a PS2 Keyboard and/or mouse because once the drivers have been apllied (forceibly) you will not be able to use any USB 3.0 ports if any errors occured during their installation. Sometimes the installation affects 2.0 ports as well, so you won't be able to use those as well. Make a backup of your OS before doing this stuff becasuse it will cripple it if you apply the wrong drivers and/or run into a compatibility issue. Highly doubt you'll be able to fix it but you can try.
Thanks a lot for this in depth information ! I was not able to try this "fix" on the desired system yet, but this made me think indeed.